An ecosystem is the whole biotic community in a given area plus its abiotic environment. It therefore, includes the chemical and physical nature of the sediments, water and gases as well as all the organisms. Ecosystem ecology system emphasises the movements of energy and nutrients (chemical elements) among the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem. A major concern is, ‘’How much and what rates are energy and nutrients being stored and transferred between ecosystem of a given ecosystem?’’ Because the ecosystem is the highest level of biological organisation, all the ecological concepts can be set within its framework. The biotic components of any ecosystem can be linked as food chain. Food chain are interlinked to form complex food chain. Food chain are the basic units of ecosystem ecology. Thus, ecology begins with population and culminates in ecosystems.
When both, biotic and abiotic are considered, the basic structural and functional units of nature are ecosystems. Ecosystem was adopted as a unit of ecological studies. Discrete biological units consists of population and communities, including biomes. Each population occupies a specific niche, a unique functional position with respects to other organisms with which it interacts.
There exists varying degrees of +, - or even neutral interactions among organisms, at both, inter – and intraspecific levels, which determine along with abiotic parameters, the degree of success a particular population has within a given habitat. Population ecologists study interaction at population as well as community levels. They study competition, usually between population the same trophic level (such as herbivores competing for the same grass i.e., population ecology involving individuals of same species), and prey-predator interaction between member of adjacent trophic levels (i.e., population ecology involving interactions between individuals of different species, at community level).
Also, there are involved energetics of ecosystem, as energy is the driving force of this system. The radiant energy is trapped by the autotrophic organisms (producers) and is transferred as organic molecules to the hetrotrophic organisms (consumers). This energy flow is uni-directional or non-cyclic.
The chemical components of the ecosystem move in defined cycles – biogeochemical cycles. Within the ecosphere, biological system frequently regulate the rate of movement of cycling of the chemicals. Role of water as the universal solvent for biological system is much relevant here.
Successful growth of the organism is govern by limiting factors. For success in growth and reproduction with a particular habitat, an organism requires various essential factor from its environment. The success of an organism is limited not only by deficiencies in substances or conditions but also by excesses. The minimal and maximal level of tolerance for all ecological factors of a species vary seasonally, geographically and according to the age of population.
The ecosystem term has become so meaningfully pervasive that the ecology of individual, population and community is described in reference to their structure, function and development within the ambit of ecosystem. The higher level of organisation such as biome and biosphere are also looked upon as ensemble of ecosystems. So, ecosystem has assumed the role of the basic unit of ecology and environment. The integrative discipline (as opposed to the multidisciplinary character) of ecology is now the study of ecosystem. The biologically productive system extending to the biosphere, provides all the resources of man.
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